Packaging systems are categorized as Active, Passive, or Hybrid systems. Hybrid systems are easier to maintain than Active Shippers. They are usually autonomous by having a plug in option. This refrigeration system can include PCM or Dry Ice rather than a mechanical system. If using dry ice, the system will require a way for the gases released to escape due to sublimation. The payloads can be subject to low temperature excursions or payload freezing depending on the environment. Heating systems are sometimes utilized. PCMs can be customized to protect the payload from excursions of heat or cold. They are more costly than a Passive Shipping System. They are usually fixed size, heavy, require maintenance, and can have system failures. They can be geo-trackable. They require extra storage room and equipment for preconditioning of PCM or dry ice. Dry ice may need to be replenished. Temperature accuracy is not as good as an Active system. If there is no heating, there is a risk for low temperature excursions. A closed loop is necessary; thus, logistics are needed for cleaning, inspection, and maintenance.
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